Technological Considerations in Interface Design

Technological Considerations in Interface inventTechnological Considerations in Interface usePhysical theatrical roleistics of the invention and device internal softw ar affects the screen interface design. Graphics compatibility for Screen design must be ensured with the following agreement comp 1ntsSystem power.Screen sizing.Screen resolution. presentation colors.Other display features.Development and implementation quills being used.System platform being used.Platform style guide being used.Information Retrieval (IR) it concerns with the con of finding required data. i.e., IR helps drug drug exploiters to notice data that matches their data desires. Technically, IR studies the organization, acquisition, distribution, storage, and retrieval of data.Information retrieval vexsAn IR model directs how a account and a query be characterized and how the signifi erectce of a document to a user query is defined. Following are the main models in IRBoolean modelEach document or query in Boolean model,is treated as a bag of words or scathe. Mathematically for a given over collection of documents D, let V = t1, t2, ,tV be the set of distinctive words/terms in the collection. V is called the vocabulary. A system of weights wij 0 is associated with separately term tiof a document djD. For a term that does not appear in document dj, wij= 0.dj= (w1j, w2j, , wVj),Query terms are combined together logically using the Boolean operators much(prenominal) as AND, OR and NOT.Example ((data AND warehousing) AND (NOT text))Vector space model (VSM)In VSM too, Documents are treated as a bag of words or terms. Each document is represented as a vector. However, the term weights are no chronic 0 or 1. Each term weight is computed base on most variations of called Term Frequency TF or TF-IDF scheme.Term Frequency (TF) Scheme The weight of a term tiin document djis the number of eons that tiappears in dj, denoted by fij. Normalization may also be applied.,,Here,tf st ill term frequencyidf reverse document frequency.n nitty-gritty number of docsdfi the number of docs that ti appears.1.5.5 Popular HCI ToolsHCI BrowserThis Browser (HCIB) is designed and implemented by the search team of join Carolina University. It can be downloaded fromhttp//ils.unc.edu/hcibrowser . Following are the features of HCI BrowserWeb presenting caper can be evaluated using this tool.designed to assist research activities in HCI with internetCan be added as an add-on to the Firefox browser.Presents operations for users working in toolbar area.Presents the following to the usersadminister pre- task questionnairesadminister post-task questionnairesevent data of inquisitive and browsing activities.Saves the following events of browserPages loadedLinks clickedWindow and tab focus changesO draw up/close windows and tabsBack/forward button clicksTyped URLsScrollingHistory/bookmarks circuit cardCloses windows automatically.Generates a new log file for each processIncludes the following entries for log filelogin time,session id,user id, andProcess idSketch ToolsNatural ruse work designers are in need of many free form software tools to express their sketching designs. Right now, existing software tools support pen and ink input to certain extent only. there is a need for intelligent software that can sketch, recognize and convert the natural sketches automatically. Following are such toolsInkkitIt is a toolkit used to sketch diagrams. It can be applied over a range of domains.This software is able to run on a tab key PC. InkKit consists of the followingUser InterfaceThe user interface is supported by two main viewssketch pagesThis view supports easy drawing process.portfolios.Here this particular displays a set of sketches. These sketches can be linked to enable relationships.Recognition EngineThe power of InkKitis its recognition engineTo recognize a specific diagram, it creates a diagram domain and provides examples.The sketches on this user in terface design will normally be converted into both HTML and Java. It is a research tool designed for non-commercial purpose.FreeformFreeform tools provide a pen found interface. This tool is mainly used to design controls in the forms by hand sketching.Requirements opthalmic BasicFeatures projects of user interfaces are quicker and easier than creating them with a form builder.SketchNodeSketchnode is a tool used to draw interprets with edges and nodes easily. This tool runs on Tablet PC. Design in this tool can be either done by pen or using drag and drop interaction. Optimization algorithms are used for transforming of not clear graph into a clearer one.Featuressupports both low and high fidelity graph rendering.Easy design processNo convolution of images due to optimization.Intelligent Mind use homosexuals effectively and effortlessly split between drawing and writing ink. This split is difficult to achieve in digital systems. This tool supports for the informal document on the tablet PC by recognition and ink reflow techniques.TAToolThis tool is designed to generate task representations in hierarchal manner. This research was carried out in the Patras University. The original task of this TATool is to analysis the task in interactive system design. It is recognized as a common tool to design hierarchical structures and pictured objects This tool TATool generates output in XML form and an RTF report. This software runs only on Windows OS. It maps user-system interactions recorded events to the process model.COGToolIt is one of the HCI tools used to predict total execution time for a skilled user for performing a particular sequence of actions on a system. The predictions make by CogTool are based on, a psychological theory of human cognitive and motor capabilities, called the Keystroke-Level Model (KLM). Following are the featuresautomates the application of KLM to specific problems, providing an alternative to time-consuming and expensive user testin g.predicts what KLM can predict, that is, execution time for a skilled user of a system.DrawbacksIt cannot predict learning time, problem-solving paths, or user satisfaction with a system.CMToolCMTool aims to achieve the task modelling process. Any major task can be splitted into many sub tasks by divide and conquer strategy and organising the task in hierarchical structure. This tool uses this hierarchical vogue along with logical operators such as AND , OR , NOT to solve the sub task. Following are its featuressupports graphical and character notations for task representation.supports temporal analysis for each tasksupports relational database, grouping the discordant systems analyzed, with additional identification information.supports quantitative analysis tools for the task metricsprovides various representations of data in the form of tree view , report view , structured view.automates synthesis of task structures already stored1.6 Architecture of HCI systemsArchitecture of a HCI system should describe the working procedure of cooperation between inputs and outputs.There are two standard HCI architectures as followsUnimodal systemsMultimodal systems1.6.1 Unimodal ArchitectureModality means an mugwump single channel. Unimodal systems are designed based on single modality. They are further classified based on the nature as followsVisualAudioSensor1.6.1.1 Visual HCIIts application areas are facial expression analysis, Body movement tracking, gesture recognition and Gaze detection.Table 1.7 Visual HCI explore areas1.6.1.2 Audio HCIThis uses various audio signals to acquire information. They are helpful, unique and trustable. Its application areas are speaker recognition, musical integration, auditory emotion analysis and Human made noise or sign detections.1.6.1.3 Sensor HCIIt uses atleast one sensor between user and computer to enable interaction. Examples of sensors are not limited to pen based interaction, joysticks, mouse-keyboard, haptic sensors, ta ste or smell sensors, pressure sensors and motion tracking sensors.1.6.2 Multimodal ArchitectureIt combines multiple modalities. Here modalities refer to communication channels. The channels are sensors for sight ,taste , hear ,smell and touch. Gesture ,speech and gaze are common forms of input models. The examples of multimodal applications are not limited to smart video conferencing, driver monitoring, intelligent games, back up disable people and smart homes.1.7 Advances in HCIUbiquitous Computing and Ambient IntelligenceIt is also known as third way of computing that is interaction among many computers and one person. The evolution is as followsFirst way of computing main frame era many people one computer.Second way of computing PC era one person many computers.1.8 OverviewThe remaining part of this book includes both theoretical material and practical approaches to designing user interfaces. The topics includeUsability engineering principlesdata-based and prototype cognit ive architecturesDesign of effective spoken dialogue systemsRole of recommender e1systems in web technologiesAdvanced visualization techniques based on ontologiesIntelligent and adaptive HCIUbiquitous computing and Ambient Intelligence.1.9 HCI Sample ExercisesApplication of webers Law in the design of Human InterfacesWebers LawIt states that the size of the observable various is a constant proportion (K times) of the actual stimulus value.Stimulus intensity must be changed with a minimum amount to create a observable difference of opinion in sensory experience.Webers Law to user interfacesInformation in a computer can be displayed in various formats such as text, pictures, drawings, maps, graphs, videos etc. This information may be from small to large in size with respect to the followingBrightnessloudnessline lengthvisual weight of fonts in typographycolor matchingWebers law of nature helps to analyze and design the above effectively.ProcedureChanging Shape Rectangle ExperimentDe sign a form with the following 6 rectangular blocks -objects with different color ina break up clock timer -to observe the time valueStart button -to come forth the eventText box -to display the time valueReset button-to summarise the prove advocate STARTbutton.Observe all blocks minutely and identify the one that expands in breadth after some time.Stop timer themoment difference is identified.Record time. relieve steps 2 to 5 and plot graph between% people of color differenceandnumber of attempts.Repeat same experiment by pressing RESET button.Changing Shape Circle ExperimentDesign a form with the followingsix circles-object with coloura stop clock timer -to observe the time valueStart button -to start the eventText box -to display the valueReset button-to restart the experimentPressSTARTbutton.Observe all circles minutely and identify the one that expands in radius after some time.Stop timer themomentarea difference is identified.Record time and the % noticed difference or the %area difference.Repeat steps 2 to 5 and plot graph between% radial differenceVsnumber of attempts.ChangingColor CircleExperimentDesign a form with the following6 circles-object with coloura stop clock timer -to observe the time valueStart button -to start the eventText box -to display the valueReset button-to restart the experimentPressSTARTbutton.Observe all circles minutely and identify the one that changes colour after some time.Stop timer the moment colour difference is identified.Record time and the % noticed difference or the %area difference.Repeat steps 2 to 5 and plot graph between% colour differenceVsnumber of attempts. treationGood user interface design can be made by avoiding uneven size or mismatching colour controls.GOMS(Goals,Operators,Methods, andSelection rules)ObjectiveTo build a GOMSmodelforcomparing the actualtimetaken for a task by two interfaces and predict the best one.Experimental ProcedureDesign twodifferent user interfaces with the following controlsL abel-to display users with questionsText box-to receive information about the userButton-to perform actionTimer-to inform time to the userList box / option button-to display answers to the questionsMake Interface-1to have list-boxestoinput user responses.Make Interface-2to haveradio-buttons toinput user responses.Use this interfaces to rate understanding of few core subjects.PressStartbutton tostartrecordtime beforeshowing responses to interface-1Giveresponses for each subject using interface-1.PressStopbuttonto stop recording of time after finishing all responses.Repeatsameprocedurefromsteps 5to7forinterface-2.ObservationThere might be a difference in the task completion time, because ofDifference in interaction elementschosen andtheir layouta cognitive / perceptual factor is impart to task completion timeAn interaction task is always guided by the user goals, interface operators andalternative methods available on interface for achieving those goals.Colour Design for a User FormO bjectiveTo apply colour theoryand features required for colour textand background legibility in creating attractiveuser form.BasicsPrimary influence colours that cannot be created by mixing opposites.e.g. Red, yellow and blue.Secondary Colourscolours achieved by a mixture of two primariese.g. Green, orange and purpleTertiary Colourscolours achieved by a mixture of primary andsecondary hues.e.g. Yellow-orange, red-orange, red-purple,blue-purple, blue-green yellow-greenComplementary Colours colours located opposite each other on a colour wheel.Analogous Colourscolours located close together on a colour wheel.ProcedureDesign a form thatconsistsoftwosectionsContentwindowColour- settingwindowDesign a Content Window with broad blackoutline.Split broad outline as three or more sections based on the usage withthin blackborders.Selectanyofthesesectionsbyclickingwithintheboundary.Change selection section border colour into red.Use coloursettingwindow tochange colours of the selectedsectio n.Design a Colour settingwindow(Textcoloursetting)Place three text boxes and carpet slipper to receive RGB colour values.Design a button to apply the computed RGB colorvalue.Design a Colour-settingwindow(Bakgroundcolour setting)Place three text boxes and slider to receive RGB colour values.Design a button to apply the computed RGB colourvalue.Apply colour brightness difference and colour difference formulae to see if they really work in practiceimproving legibility of the colour text.ObservationsAllows user to apply various colours to text as well as its background andcreate differentcolourcontrasts.Review QuestionsHow do you justify HCI as an interdisciplinary research domain?Why is HCI so important?Describe the framework of the three level model of HCI.Summarize the factors in HCI.Describe the framework of broad HCI issues and concerns.Discuss on the design principles of HCISummarize advanced I/O devicese1Recommender or recommended